Flora

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In botany, flora (plural: floras or florae) has two meanings. The first meaning, or flora of an area or of time period, refers to all plant life occurring in an area or time period, especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life. The second meaning refers to a book or other work which describes the plant species occurring in an area or time period, with the aim of allowing identification. Some classic and modern floras are listed below.

The term flora comes from Latin language Flora (goddess), the goddess of flowers in Roman mythology. The corresponding term for animal life is Fauna (animals). Flora, fauna and other forms of Kingdom (biology) such as fungi are collectively referred to as Biota (taxonomy). In relation to all the flora and fauna of a region, it is collectively referred to as biota (ecology).

Flora classifications Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:

Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
Agricultural and garden flora. The plants that are deliberately grown by humans.
Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable, and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life, since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive species (that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.

Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora . Other times, the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.

Flora treatises Traditionally floras are books, but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites. The area that a flora covers can be either geographically or politically defined. Floras usually require some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness.

A flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are identification key, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the flora best applies to the plant.

Classic floras Europe

Flora Londinensis, William Curtis. England 1777- 1798
Flora Graeca, John Sibthorp. (England) 1806 - 1840
Flora Danica, Simon Paulli. Denmark, 1847.
Flora Jenensis, Heinrich Bernhard Rupp Germany, 1718.
Flora Scorer, Paolo Di Canio. 1723.
Flora Suecica, Carolus Linnaeus. 1745.

India

Hortus indicus malabaricus, Hendrik van Rheede 1683–1703

Indonesia

Flora Javae, Carl Ludwig Blume and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.

Modern floras Americas Caribbean

Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales. New York City: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924.

Central & South America

Flora Brasiliensis
Flora of São Paulo in Brazil
Flora de Chile
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Guatemala
Flora de Nicaragua
Flora of Peru
Flora of the Guianas
Flora of Panama
Flora del Paraguay
Flora of Suriname
Flora Mesoamericana (1994-ongoing) Introduction
Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
Flora Neotropica (1968-ongoing) Organising committee website.

North America

Flora of North America
Kearney, Thomas H. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, 1940.
Hickman, James C., editor. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, 1993.
Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press, 1968.
Radford, Albert E. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, 1968.
Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, 1973.
Chadde, Steve W., and Steve Chadde. A Great Lakes Wetland Flora. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. ISBN 0-9651385-5-0
P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. ISBN 0-89092-010-9
Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5
Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. In three volumes. Dover Publications, 1913, 1970. ISBN 0-486-22642-5

Asia China and Japan

Flora of China
Flora of China in eFloras
Flora of Japan

Southeast Asia

Flora of Thailand
Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
Flora Malesiana (1984-ongoing) About Flora Malesiana.
Flora of the Malay Peninsula
Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam

Indian region and Sri Lanka

Flora of Bhutan
Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915-36)
Flora of Nepal
Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903-29)
Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921-25)
Flora of British India (1872-1897) by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker

Middle East and western Asia

Flora of Turkey
Flora Iranica
Flora Palaestina:

M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
Online updates: http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005

Australasia

Flora of Australia (series)
Flora of New Zealand series:

Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01056-3.
Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. ISBN 0-477-01889-0.
Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01041-5.

Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.;Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-02529-3.

Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. ISBN 0-478-09331-4.

Volumes I-V: First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres.

Galloway, D.J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. ISBN 0-477-01266-3.

Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I. ISBN 0-477-02530-7.

Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II. ISBN 0-477-01353-8.

Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.;Racine, M.M. 1994. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III. ISBN 0-477-01642-1.

Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition. ISBN 0-478-09339-X.

Pacific Islands

Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl.
Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Flore de la Polynésie Française (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)

Europe British Isles

Morton, O.Osborne Morton
Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson (illustrator). A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5.
Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. Urban Flora of Belfast. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1997.
Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan Woodell. Flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-874357-07-2.
Humphry Bowen. The Flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-874357-16-1.
Flora Celtica Plants and people in Celtic Europe
Flora Europaea at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh Flora Europaea
Flora of Europe
Flora iberica
Flora of Acores
Flora Danica
Flora of Romania

Africa and Madagascar

Flore du Gabon
Flore du Cameroun
Flora of Tropical Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora Capensis
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora of South Africa
Flore du Rwanda
Flore de Madagascar et des Comores

Flora on Wikipedia Wikipedia has the following mainly flora categories:

:Category:Flora of Oceania:Category:Flora of Africa:Category:Flora of Antarctica:Category:Flora of Asia:Category:Flora of Europe:Category:Flora of South America:Category:Flora of the Caribbean:Category:Flora of Central America:Category:Flora of North America

See also

Biome — a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities.
Vegetation — a general term for the plant life of a region.
Fauna
Flora (microbiology)
Fauna and Flora Preservation Society
Herbal
Pharmacopoeia

External links

eFloras — a collection of on-line floras
Chilebosque — checklist of Chilean native flora
Flora of NW Europe with descriptions and a quiz to test your knowledge
Flora of Israel Online
Flora of Australia Online
Flora of New Zealand Series Online

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